Classical Rhetoric Origins, Branches, and Concepts

What do you think of when you hear the word rhetoric? The practice and study of effective communication  Ã¢â‚¬â€ especially persuasive communication — or the rascally bloviations of pundits, politicians and the like? Turns out that, in a way, both are correct, but theres a bit more nuance to speaking of classical rhetoric.   As defined by the Twente University  in the Netherlands, classical rhetoric is the perception of how language works when written or spoken aloud or becoming proficient in speaking or writing due to proficiency in this understanding. Classical rhetoric is a combination of persuasion and argument, broken into three branches and five canons as dictated by the Greek teachers: Plato, the Sophists, Cicero, Quintilian, and Aristotle.   Core Concepts According to the 1970 textbook Rhetoric: Discovery and Change, the word rhetoric  can be traced back ultimately to the simple Greek assertation eiro, or I say in English. Richard E. Young, Alton L. Becker and Kenneth L. Pike claim Almost anything related to the act of saying something to someone — in speech or in writing — can conceivably fall within the domain of rhetoric as a field of study.   The  rhetoric  studied in ancient Greece and Rome (from roughly the fifth century B.C. to the early Middle Ages) was originally intended to help citizens plead their cases in court. Though the early teachers of rhetoric, known as  Sophists, were criticized by Plato and other philosophers, the study of rhetoric soon became the cornerstone of a classical education. On the other hand, Philostratus the Athenian, in his teachings from 230-238 A.D. Lives of the Sophists, posts that in the study of rhetoric, philosophers considered it both praise-worthy and suspect of being rascally, and mercenary and constituted in spite of justice. Not only meant for the crowd but also the men of sound culture, referring to those with skills in invention and exposition of themes as clever rhetoricians. These conflicting perceptions of rhetoric as either proficiency in language application (persuasive communication) versus mastery of manipulation have been around for at least 2,500 years and show no sign of being resolved. As Dr. Jane Hodson observed in her 2007 book Language and Revolution in Burke, Wollstonecraft, Pine, and Godwin, The confusion which surrounds the word rhetoric has to be understood as a result of the historical development of rhetoric itself. Despite these conflicts over the purpose and morality of rhetoric,  modern theories of oral and written communication remain heavily influenced by the rhetorical principles introduced in ancient Greece by Isocrates and Aristotle, and in Rome by Cicero and Quintilian. Three Branches and Five Cannons According to Aristotle, the three branches of rhetoric are divided and determined by three classes of listeners to speeches, for of the three elements in speech-making — speaker, subject, and person addressed — it is the last one, the hearer, that determines the speechs end and object. These three divisions are typically called deliberative rhetoric, judicial rhetoric, and epideictic rhetoric.   In legislative or deliberative rhetoric, the speech or writing attempts to get an audience to take or not to take an action, focusing on the things to come and what the crowd can do to influence the outcome. Forensic or judicial rhetoric, on the other hand, deals more with determining the justice or injustice of an accusation or charge that happened in the present, dealing with the past. Judicial rhetoric would be the rhetoric used more by lawyers and judges who determine the core value of justice. Similarly, the final branch — known as epideictic or ceremonial rhetoric — deals with praising or blaming someone or something. It largely concerns itself with speeches and writings such as obituaries, letters of recommendation and sometimes even literary works. With these three branches in mind, the application and usage of rhetoric became the focus of Roman philosophers, who later developed the idea of five canons of rhetoric. Principle among them, Cicero and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium defined the canons as the five overlapping divisions of the rhetorical process: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Invention is defined as the art of finding the appropriate arguments, using thorough research of the topic at hand as well as of the intended audience. As one might expect, arrangement deals with the skills of structuring an argument; classic speeches often were constructed with specific segments. Style encompasses a broad range of things, but most often refers to things like word choice and speech structure. Memory is less known in modern rhetoric, but in classical rhetoric, it referred to any and all techniques of aiding memorization. Finally, delivery is similar to style, but rather than concerning itself with the text itself, its focused on the style of voice and gesture on the orators part. Teaching Concepts and Practical Application There are a number of ways throughout the ages that teachers have offered students a chance to apply and sharpen their rhetoric skills. The  Progymnasmata, for example, are preliminary writing exercises that introduce students to basic rhetorical concepts and strategies. In classical rhetorical training, these exercises were structured so that the student would progress from strictly imitating speech to an understanding and application of an artistic melding of the concerns of the speaker, subject, and audience.   Throughout history, many major figures have shaped the core teachings of rhetoric and our modern understanding of classical rhetoric.  From the functions of figurative language in the context of particular eras of poetry and essays, speeches and other texts to the various effects created and meaning conveyed by a variety of nuanced vocabulary words, there is no doubt of the impact classical rhetoric has on modern communication.   When it comes to teaching these principles, its best to start with the basics, the founders of the art of conversation — Greek philosophers and teachers of classical rhetoric — and work your way forward in time from there.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Essay - 1575 Words

Everyone knows someone who seems to be completely wrapped up in themselves. They seem to only care about themselves, and they seem to think that they are better than every one. Some of these people probably have narcissistic personality disorder. This personality disorder is defined as, â€Å"...a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy† (Comer, 2010, p. 531). People with narcissistic personality disorder are convinced of their own greatness; whether it be their success, artistic skill, or beauty. They also require the constant attention and admiration of the people around them. But, this is not all that is involved in this disorder. People with narcissistic personality disorder are extremely self†¦show more content†¦This too is typical of people with narcissistic personality disorder. People with this disorder tend to be very picky, or choosey, when it come to who their friends and associates are. Since they consider themselves to be s pecial, they think that only those who are also â€Å"special† are deserving of their time. A narcissistic personality may also surround themselves with dependent personalities, because those with dependent personalities will give them the constant praise and adulation that they require. Again we turn to Brother John for an example, â€Å"He is an excellent teacher and has inspired many students. He has always had a group of students, usually dependent personalities...† (Rosetti, 1999). These students would often be called upon to defend Brother John when his behavior was questioned by supervisors. Brother John using his students in this way touches upon another trait common to those with narcissistic personality disorder. People with this disorder are often manipulative, and use other to achieve their own ends. According to Ronald Comer, they may do this partly out of envy (2010, p. 234). I think that it is more likely that this is just a branch of another common cha racter trait amongst those with narcissistic personalities, that being a lack of empathy. People with this disorder are seldom interested in the feelings of others, and so they probably never take those feelings into consideration when they are manipulatingShow MoreRelatedNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1536 Words   |  7 Pages One disorder that interest me would be the Narcissistic Personality Disorder. I find Narcissism interesting because honestly it wasn t until now that I learned it was an actual disorder, I was misled and thought it was just a flaw or bad trait some people possessed. In actuality narcissism makes somebody rude and obsessive over themselves and is a real disorder that you can get diagnosed with. I am also interested in Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory that consist of 5 different sections of motivationsRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay2029 Words   |  9 Pages Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a complicated disorder whi ch has many implications for how one might act and think of themselves. It is categorized as a personality disorder in which the person thinks highly of themselves, that they are a superior being. They are often envious or jealous of others, lack empathy, and carry with themselves a sense of entitlement (Maniacci, 2007). Someone with Narcissistic Personality Disorder may expect special treatment from others. For example, they may haveRead MoreWhat Narcissistic Personality Disorder800 Words   |  3 PagesA narcissistic personality disorder is basically a person who feels that they have self-importance. The person thinks that they should have control and power above anything. The person is unable to mentally realize how much damage they are doing to others and themselves. To be specific on a certain type of people who has a NPD are narcissistic parents. Narcissistic parents fall into two type of categories which damage their children. There is engulfing parents which mean the parents are overly protectiveRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1784 Words   |  8 PagesThe personality of a person is what ultimately defines who they are. This is what 99% of us look for in a person actually knowing who they really are. A person may be fun, loving, caring, and charismatic and a million other traits, but there is none like being narcissistic. A narcissistic person is one who truly believes that the world revolves around them and them only. This is someone who has an excessive or erotic interest in themselves, he/she craves constant admiration and never want to recognizeRead MoreIs Narcissism A Narcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s society, all types of personalities can be found on every corner, but has anyone ever interacted with a person that requires an overwhelming amount of respect and admiration. This action could be considered an arrogant personality trait; however, it could also imply that this person has a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). These individuals can be quite charming at first, making friends quickly and can be the life of the party until it doesn’t fit their needs any longer. A personRead MoreCharacteristics Of Narcissistic Personality Disorder1175 Words   |  5 Pagescommon disorders, known to scientists as the most heritable personality disorder in humans (Thomaes, et al ). It affects temperament, an individual’s nature pertaining to their permanent behavior, which can be affected through inheritance and their surroundings. In humans, the earliest stages in life affect the development of temperament the most, according to Thomaes et al ( ). It is also understood that the culture and atmosphere surrounding a human affects the maturati on of narcissistic tendenciesRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1176 Words   |  5 Pagesunfortunate and incurable mental illness, known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This disorder, otherwise known as, NPD, is a personality trait that reflects an inflated and grandiose self-concept (Buffardi Campbell, 2008). Basically, someone with this disorder thinks very highly of himself or herself, which typically results in a lack of empathy for others. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the preferred treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) because specific biomedical approachesRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1574 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a continuing pattern of irregular thinking, and behavior. Normal interaction with a narcissist can be difficult and confusing for others. This paper will allow you to identify the signs and symptoms of this disorder, and what interventions or medications to help these individuals, plus the best time to get them to a doctor. *Keywords: Mental Disorder, Signs, Symptoms, Interventions, Medications â€Æ' NPD is portrayed by an enduring pattern of grandiosityRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder where someone has an exaggerated sense of their own presence, a need for constant admiration from others and they also have a lack of empathy for anyone (Mayo Clinic). A couple questions I have include: How does social media effect society? How does social media have an effect on someone diagnosed with NPD, What are ways you can help someone with NPD, and what are some ways we canRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )835 Words   |  4 PagesNarcissistic Personality Disorder Background Narcissism can be defined as â€Å" a mental disorder in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for admiration and a lack of empathy for others. But behind this mask of ultra confidence lies a fragile self-esteem that s vulnerable to the slightest criticism† (Narcissistic personality disorder, n.d.). With this disorder people generally are unhappy and disappointed when they are not privileged to special favors or given admiration

Marketing Strategy And Plan in Hotel Sector

Question: Conduct secondary market research to collect appropriate market data and information to provide evidence of market demand, customers needs and buying behaviour to justify current position in terms of this sector and resources? Answer: Pestle analysis of uk hotel sector focussing on radisson blu in london Pestle analysis is the structure that is used to analyze an organizations external macro environment. Following are the words or aspects which pestle: Political Economic Socio-cultural Technological Environmental Radisson Blu, a supreme brand of service hotel in UK, an ideal place to discover what UK has to offer to its customers from the busy cities to the peaceful rural surrounding (Hocutt and Bowers, 2005). Now if we do a pestle analysis of the hotel we will find the following: 1. Political: It is seen that with the practical and constructive partnership of the UK Government, it has brought the hospitality industry into the primary success of the economic development. In UK, hospitality industry is in the fifth largest industry which employs directly more than 2.5 million people which contributes to the gross tax revenues. Radisson Blu, being a concrete part of this sector contributes to the revenues of UK.2. Economical: The stays and the spa treatments with all other lucrative facilities, Radisson Blu has fundamentally appealed to ones unrestricted income which in return has a growth in the unrestricted income of the country (Chen and Yeh, 2012).3. Socio-cultural: The superiority of spa is now seen as the change in lifestyle which is steadily growing amongst the both middle and as well as upper class. Radisson benefits from the holidaying to the extent take holidays and their facility to get off from work for the holidays has a direct impact on the demand which is experienced by the hotel.4. Technological: Radisson is seen utilizing an escalating amount of technology with the point of accomplishing more customer satisfaction. Now in this technologically advanced society it is seen that customers are using online informations very extensively including the comments and reviews about the hotel (Kayaman and Arasli, 2007).5. Legal: Radisson Hotel mission is to see that their customers are happy with their stay which in return makes way to the hotels profit. The minimum wage rate in UK is increased to 15.5%, which the hotels keep in mind to maintain their standard and avois legal issues, so the hotel has to be subjected to various legal activities (Siddique, 2014). A systematic analysis of the probable legal issues that attach to the operations of the hotel will require the articles that cover everything from the law contract, tort claims and negligence to the state securities and the federal.6. Environment: A hotel uses a high amount of resources such as detergents, soap, water which cause a fairly amount of pollution. Radisson Blu is signed green for being friendly with the environment. Market demand of hotel sector London is one of the most visited spot for the people round the world. The visitors from international to UK have solidly increased over the years. The arrivals from international gas grown over 15% and a steady increase of 5.5% was predicted in 2006. The hotel sector in UK has proved to be proved flexible regardless of many drawbacks for last five years. But its also seen that the domestic customers are very weary about the hotel sector as many of them do not provide much accommodation (Asirifi, 2014). The trend says that the growth of the hotel sector is anticipated to increase in the near future (Kayaman and Arasli, 2007). With hotels like Radisson Blu doing very well in the market, customers interest is also increasing. The hotel sector in UK has also come up with the innovative model of Yotels, Pod hotels and aparthotels and thus the demand is increasing with these ideas. Customers need in hotel sector The taste and the preferences of the customers change with time. Many years ago customers were focused only with the stay but now they are also focused with the other facilities that a hotel provides with their stay (Kwortnik and Vosburgh, 2007). Hotel which are premium are expected to give quality service to their customers but in a recent survey in UK it has been seen that hotels which are less superior are able to provide high quality service compared to the superior ones. Thus this changes the notion of a customer. Radisson hotel compared to the others has been said to provide top notch service with excellent customer satisfaction. In a recently done survey of SWOT analysis it has been that Radisson has extremely motivated team of professionals who focuses on the customer care service along with corporate social responsibility. It has a highly developed and sophisticated customer reservations system. All these factors play as motivators to the customers so as to bring them back t o the same hotel. Radisson follows the Critical Success Factors Model which is specially developed and designed for the operations of the budget hotels in UK on the customer research basis (Manaktola and Jauhari, 2007). Buying behaviour of customers The buying behavior or buying decision of the customer is not judged through their needs but their decisions and behavior is influenced by the identity, status and lifestyle. It is the key factor to understand the buying behavior of the customers in the hotel sector. It is mainly complicated to understand the hotel industry (Manaktola and Jauhari, 2007). A customer is satisfied with the quality and service provided by the hotel such as ambience, food, room, spa, accommodation, etc. As we all know that customer satisfaction leads to the loyalty of the customers. If the quality is maintained than the behavior towards that particular remains unchanged. But it is not always this what works in case of the hotel sector. A customer visiting a hotel frequently will be lethargic enough to visit that hotel again so it may go back to its competitors. The customers want something new and afresh from the hotel every time. Thus Radisson understands this particular behavior of the customers and ret ains by giving them continuous satisfaction. The behavior of the customers is complicated as the hotel industry provides both tangible and intangible products so it makes difficult to monitor and control the same. We see that business people are the ones who often visit hotels for their trips often want a hotel which has primary transport hubs and provide enough linkages of transport. The customer always prefers this type of hotels. Radisson hotels are spread in good locations where the customers would not face transport problems which determine its growth (Mkono, 2010). References Asirifi, G. (2014). Quality Service in the Hotel Industry: Evidence from Alisa Hotel Ghana. SJBM, 2(5), p.131. Chen, C. and Yeh, C. (2012). The causality examination between demand uncertainty and hotel failure: A case study of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), pp.1045-1049. Hocutt, M. and Bowers, M. (2005). The Impact of Service Guarantees on Consumer Responses in the Hotel Industry. Journal of Hospitality Leisure Marketing, 13(1), pp.5-23. Kayaman, R. and Arasli, H. (2007). Customer based brand equity: evidence from the hotel industry. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(1), pp.92-109. Kwortnik, R. and Vosburgh, J. (2007). Driving Demand for the Quarterdeck: A Case Study. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 48(3), pp.323-341. Manaktola, K. and Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behaviour towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. Int J Contemp Hospitality Mngt, 19(5), pp.364-377. Mkono, M. (2010). In defence of hospitality careers: perspectives of Zimbabwean hotel managers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(6). Siddique, C. (2014). Impediments to market orientation. Education, Business Society, 7(1), pp.33-56.

Propaganda, Persuasion and Public Relations

Propaganda is a method of communication which is used to influence the attitudes of specific groups of individuals towards a particular cause or position (Propaganda, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda, Persuasion and Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, instead of a sense of impartiality propaganda actually presents information in such a way so as to influence an audience through selective dissemination of information in order to create an emotional rather than a rational response to certain issues (Propaganda, 2010). For example in the case of the Australia’s cancellation of the Fuel Watch program Senator Xenaphon utilized propaganda stating that Fuel Watch was not an effective means of helping consumers stating the need to tackle the big four oil companies using another method, what most people fail to notice is that he omits the details the successes the Fuel Wat ch program actually had which indicates possible ulterior motives on his part (Battersby, 2008). His actions resulted in the end of the National Fuel Watch scheme which to an extent could be considered a step back from giving consumers more control over how they purchase gasoline (VACC, 2008). What must be understood is that propaganda utilizes elements such as loaded questions, partial synthesis or even lying by omission in order to gain the desired response (Wilcox Cameron 2009). One use of effective propaganda can be seen in the online article â€Å"Cultural Cringe where the writer selectively introduces facts which lambasts and derides the Australian video presentation for its World Cup 2022 bid (Hunter, 2010). Throughout the article there is little mention of the creativity that went into the video, the unique approach that Australia took or the overwhelming positive response viewers had for the commercial, rather, what is mentioned is nothing more than a continuous tirade fo cused against commercial itself (Hunter, 2010). It must be noted though the use of the term propaganda, as stated by Wilcox, has been connected to falsehoods, lies and deception (Wilcox Cameron, 2009). It is true though that propaganda used by various PR departments have been utilized in various political campaigns as a form of political warfare where detrimental facts on rival candidates are released to the general public (Propaganda, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand propaganda is also used in various public information campaigns by governments for positive effects such as the Australian governments fight against illegal downloads connoting their use with stealing and its use by the U.S. during the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq as a supposed â€Å"war on terror†. In essence the use of propaganda and its effects can be associated with the ethical reasoning behind its usage. The ethics of persuasion Wilcox states â€Å"perception is interpreted as being used in the following manner: to change or neutralize hostile opinions, to crystallize latent opinions and positive attitudes, and finally to conserve favorable opinions† (Wilcox Cameron, 2009). As such the importance of persuasion to successful contemporary public relations all boils down to its ability to influence individuals towards a certain train of thought. As such it can be stated that persuasion shapes perceptions and thus the way people interpret and accept information. As seen in the examples related to propaganda, persuasion should always attempt to follow a certain ethical guideline when used in Public Relations. The concept of corporate social responsibility should be considered an integral part of most PR practices due to its ability to sway public opinion either in favor for or against a particular company (Berenbeim, 2006). For PR departments what should be considered good for the company should also be directly proportional to what is beneficial for consumers. In such cases where the good of the company is put above that of the consumer that in itself is in direct violation of the ethical guidelines of persuasion (Messina, 2007). One example of honest and effective persuasion can be seen in the Bowen article summarizing the necessity for the fuel watch scheme and outlining exactly what it entails (Bowen, 2008). On the other hand an example in Australia of the ethical violation of persuasion is the production and sale of vitamin water by Glacà ©au in which the company states that the water being sold has been â€Å"enriched† with vitamins in order to aid people attain a healthy lifestyle (Adam, 2008). Far from actually contributing to a person’s health and well being vitamin water and its additives could potentially cause health problems in the future, especially if the product is consumed on a regular bas is as a replacement for water (Glaceau lands Coke in deep water, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda, Persuasion and Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On average a single bottle of vitamin water produced by Glacà ©au contains 32 grams of crystalline fructose which is nothing more than a derivative of high fructose corn syrup which numerous scholarly articles and independent journals have linked to the rapid onset of obesity in various populations. In this case not only is the company marketing drinks with vitamins which might not even be absorbed but the amount of sugars present in each drink is actually detrimental for the future health of a person especially if they replace ordinary water with vitamin drinks. This example is a clear case of what not to use persuasion for, not only is it in direct violation of corporate social responsibility but convincing people to think that a d rink is healthy when in fact it could cause health is problems is highly unethical by most standards. Persuasion should be done when either trying to establish an idea, state relevant facts or modes of thought, it should not be used to directly lie to an audience and convince them to do something which could possibly endanger their well being (Messina, 2007). Conclusion Based on the information presented it can be stated without question that effective persuasion truly does shape perceptions and thus the way people interpret and accept information which makes it an important tool in contemporary public relations. It must be noted though that just because a persuasive argument is effective does not make it ethical. Examples such as the case of vitamin water show that at times persuasive arguments are used in such a way that their results are actually detrimental towards people. It is up to people taking PR whether to discern through proper ethical reasoning whether what they use pers uasive skills for will result in either beneficial or detrimental results. References Adam, C. 2008, Coke uncorks water brand in Australia, BT Magazine, 58, 2646, p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Battersby, L. 2008, Senate kills off FuelWatch, The Age, p. 1. Web. Berenbeim, R. E. 2006, ‘Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility’, Vital Speeches of the Day, 72, 16/17, pp. 501-504, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Bowen, C. (MP) 2008, A national fuelwatch scheme, joint media release with Hon. Kevin Rudd MP, Australian Government Treasury, p. 1. Web. Glaceau lands Coke in deep water 2010, Marketing Week (01419285), 33, 31, p. 12, Vocational and Career Collection, EBSCOhost. Hunter, T. 2010, Cultural cringe: World Cup roo has critics hopping mad, The Age  Online, p. 1. Web. Messina, A. 2007, ‘Public relations, the public interest and persuasion: an ethical approach’, Journal of Communication Management, 11, 1, pp. 29-52, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost. Propaganda 2010, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, p. 1, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. VACC 2008, VAAC welcomes the end of the national Fuelwatch Scheme, media rele ase, p. 1. Web. Wilcox, D. L. Cameron, G. T. 2009, Public relations: strategies and tactics, 9th edn, p. 229 – 242,(international edn), Pearson Education, Boston, Massachusetts. This essay on Propaganda, Persuasion and Public Relations was written and submitted by user Samantha Hodge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.